NHD Annotated Bibliography

Annotated Bibliography

Ms annotated bibliography tells about desegregation in Girard college. My first source is
Girard college History, Author: Elizabeth Laurent, in the history of Stephen Girard it told about what was the use of the college. He wanted to make a college for male boys who were poor, orphans, and white. While they attended the school they had to learn different things. He wanted to educate children to become a productive citizen. This source helps with my NHD because it states how Girard wanted a school for only males that were only white. This goes with conflict and compromise because the conflict is that only poor white males were allowed to attend this school. The compromise is when blacks were able to attend the school after a lengthy court battle.

My second source is School desegregation and civil rights stories Girard college Philadelphia Pennsylvania, The national archives, In this document they talked about brown vs. board of education and they also fought how they wouldn’t allow poor orphans in the school unless they were white. The Supreme Court finally passed in 1968 when the first African American was granted admission. This helps me with NHD because the topic conflict and compromise the reason why I say this is because the conflict was that Girard College wasn’t letting anyone in the school unless they were white. The compromise was that in 1968 African Americans were allowed to attend.

My third source The Gradual Integration of Girard College, Recording, “ During the civil rights movement many I situations changed their admission policy. Girard College in Philadelphia admitted its first black student after a lengthy court battle”. This source tells me how white students were allowed to be in the school but in order for blacks to be in the school they had to fight for what they wanted.

My fourth source a written Document.
Final Decree, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, et al v. Revelle W. Brown, et al, Civil Action No. 39494, July 5, 1967, United States District Court, The Eastern District of Pennsylvania, National Archives Mid Atlantic Branch. This document tells about who is allowed in the school and who is eligible. This document states if you are not white you cannot be admitted to the school. This is good for NHD because it’s a conflict because it states how Girard College wasn’t letting students in because they were black to be admitted to Girard College you had to be white and an orphan.

My fifth source is Notice to Attorneys, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, et al v. Revelle W. Brown, et al, Civil Action No. 39494, July 5, 1967, United States District Court, The Eastern District of Pennsylvania, and National Archives Mid Atlantic Branch. I quote the defendants are permanently enjoined from denying admission of poor male orphans to Girard college on the sole ground that they are not white. My opinion on this is that it is clearly wrong to deny children in need or anybody for the fact that they are black. This is unconstitutional and something needs to change.

My sixth source is The Small Elephant: Girard College The Small Elephant: Girard College, a summary from this document that read In his will dated February 16, 1830, Stephen Girard, a wealthy Philadelphia merchant, stipulated the establishment of a school for white males between six and eighteen years of age. Under the will, Girard having sincerely at heart the welfare of the City of Philadelphia left the principal part of his estate to the Mayor, Alderman and citizens of Philadelphia, their successors and assigns money for a number of charitable purposes of which the school was one. The purpose of these gifts was to foster the prosperity of the City, and the health and comfort of its inhabitants. This related to NHD because this is a conflict because it only talks about in his will he was only willing to help whites and basically he was saying forget about the African Americans because they don’t needs no help. I find this as a conflict because it’s wrong and there’s no way around that.

My seventh source is the school segregation cases, Janet Stevenson. A phrase that was written towards African American students “ GIVE US BACK OUR SCHOOLS NIGGERS GO BACK TO AFRICA.” Why this is a major conflict for NHD because it is pure wrong and disrespectful. This happened in Washington D.C when black student was admitted for the first time in 1954. The white students disagreed with the decisions so they wore placards that read.

My eighth source is Desegregation in Public school, Linda Brown. A summary of the case read on September of 1950 some parents tried to enroll there African American children and they were told that they couldn’t do so because they were in Washington D.C and they required separate schools for whites and blacks. The principal of the school said that it was a law created by the congress because Washington D.C is not a state and it is not in any state. The principal said he couldn’t do anything for the kids so he recommended the parents to take it to court. They did and it became known as the “SpottsWood Boiling Case”. This is a good choice for NHD because it goes back to conflict and compromise because it lets the world know that it wasn’t the school fault about the decision to have an all white school it was the congress. I think there decision was unfair and very racial for that fact because I believe that students should be able to mix with other races.

My ninth source is Tearing down 'The Wall' led to change; Cecil B. Moore led desegregation campaign against Girard College, Philadelphia Tribune, The Date: May 25, 2004 Author: McCoy, Lezlie B. This document talked about how Girard college was finally able to tear down the wall which talked about letting African Americans in the school. This document help me in NHD because it gives me information I need to know about Girard College and all that African Americans went through to attend that school.

My tenth source is A Messenger Sent From Heaven" Recalling the day Martin Luther King Jr. called for an end to Girard College's "whites only" policy. Philadelphia Weekly Date: January 20, 2004 Author: Anonymous. This document talks about what happen during the civil rights movement an the well known stone divider along Girard Avenue--known as College Wall--became a divisive symbol, based upon which side of the wall you stood. From the outside, the wall surrounding the 43-acre fortress appeared cold and sinister from the inside, warm and comforting. The children living outside the wall in North Philadelphia's crowded neighborhoods were mostly poor and black. The children living inside the wall--who received a free prep school education, swam in the indoor pools and ran through never-ending fun. This is good for NHD because it tells me what the symbol of the wall meant and how the lives of black and white were separated by it.
These are all my sources and the information that follows



Katonya Leach
American History